James Webb Space Telescope discovers water ice at ringed asteroid Chariklo 'by remarkable luck'.

LazyHippo · January 28, 2023

The most comprehensive plans need a sprinkle of luck, even in space.

In October 2022, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST or Webb) watched as Chariklo, a tiny ringed asteroid, eclipsed a star. This event, called an occultation, marked a first for Webb. At the month's end, Webb turned toward Chariklo again and notched another victory: For the first time, astronomers analyzing the telescope's data spotted clear signs of water ice, the presence of which was only hinted at until now. These observations will guide astronomers to better understand the nature and behavior of tiny bodies in the outer reaches of our solar system.

But the two feats almost did not happen.

This illustration shows what the Centaur Chariklo and its rings could look like, based on our current understanding. (Image credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, Leah Hustak (STScI))

Although it is the largest of its kind, Chariklo is still too small and too far for even the mighty Webb to photograph directly. Instead, astronomers decided to study it through occultation, which is an indirect but powerful method to study small bodies like Chariklo. But the team did not know if and when a star — without which an occultation would not occur — would fall into Webb's field of view. This made Chariklo part of Webb's target of opportunity program: If the asteroid happened to cross in front of a star, the program would allow astronomers to temporarily interrupt the telescope's schedule to observe the event.

The team calculated only a 50% chance that Webb would spot a star bright enough with an interesting object like Chariklo crossing in front. After its launch in 2021, as Webb went through routine course corrections to hold it steady in its parking spot in space, the team continued predicting and revising its list of possible occultations. Late last year, astronomers ended up on the favorable side of that 50% when they discovered "by remarkable good luck" that Chariklo was on track to occult a star that also fell into Webb's view.

"This was the first stellar occultation attempted with Webb," the team wrote in a NASA statement published Wednesday (Jan. 25). "A lot of hard work went into identifying and refining the predictions for this unusual event."

On Oct. 18, 2022, Chariklo and its system of two rings crossed in front of a star. Using Webb's near-infrared camera (NIRCam), astronomers monitored the star's brightness for an hour. Resulting data showed two dips in the star's brightness as expected: When the asteroid's rings first hid the star as the eclipse began, and again when the last of its rings wrapped up the occultation.

"The shadows produced by Chariklo's rings were clearly detected," the team wrote in the statement, "demonstrating a new way of using Webb to explore solar system objects."

Graphic showing the dimming effects of Chariklo's rings on a background star. (Image credit: IMAGE: NASA, ESA, CSA, Leah Hustak (STScI) SCIENCE: Pablo Santos-Sanz (IAA-CSIC), Nicolás Morales (IAA-CSIC), Bruno Morgado (UFRJ, ON/MCTI, LIneA))

Objects like Chariklo are called centaurs, thanks to their hybrid nature. (Centaurs are mythological horse-human hybrids.) They look like asteroids but behave like comets — complete with visible tails. Their home, an unstable orbit between Jupiter and Neptune, hosts thousands of centaurs of varying shapes and sizes. As interesting as they are, their small size and vast distance make them difficult to study. The composition of even the biggest centaur, Chariklo — which is still tiny at just 160 miles (250 km) in diameter and distant at a whooping 2 billion miles (3.2 billion km) from us — is poorly understood. Also, past research hinted at water ice somewhere in Chariklo's system, but had yet to conclusively detect it.

In this latest research, astronomers pointed Webb at Chariklo again. This time, they used the telescope's Near-infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) instrument to measure the sunlight reflected by Chariklo and its two rings. The resulting spectrum showed three absorption bands of water ice, marking the first clear indication of crystalline ice.

The presence of crystalline ice likely indicates that Chariklo is subject to constant bombardment, according to Dean Hines, an astronomer at the Space Telescope Science Institute in Maryland. "Because high-energy particles transform ice from crystalline into amorphous states, detection of crystalline ice indicates that the Chariklo system experiences continuous micro-collisions that either expose pristine material or trigger crystallization processes," Hines said in NASA's statement.